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- $Unique_ID{how04773}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{World Civilizations: The Classical Period In World History
- Imperial Crisis And Han Restoration}
- $Subtitle{}
- $Author{Stearns, Peter N.;Adas, Michael;Schwartz, Stuart B.}
- $Affiliation{}
- $Subject{han
- dynasty
- families
- power
- end
- imperial
- wang
-
- }
- $Date{1992}
- $Log{}
- Title: World Civilizations: The Classical Period In World History
- Book: Chapter 5: Unification And The Consolidation Of Civilization In China
- Author: Stearns, Peter N.;Adas, Michael;Schwartz, Stuart B.
- Date: 1992
-
- Imperial Crisis And Han Restoration
-
- For over two centuries the Han maintained its hold over a unified Chinese
- empire. But by the end of the last century B.C., a number of problems
- centering on the court itself threatened to bring an end to Han rule. After
- Han Wudi, the quality of the emperors declined markedly. Many of his
- successors neglected the duties of government and, like the monarchs of the
- late Shang and Zhou, indulged heavily in the pleasures of food, drink, and
- concubines. As the hold of the emperors over state affairs weakened, the
- powerful families of their wives sought to take charge of imperial
- administration. In A.D. 6, the fact that the only male heir of the Han dynasty
- was a small child gave one of these families, the Wang, the opportunity to
- seize the throne in its own right.
-
- With the initial support of the scholar-gentry and the general populace,
- an ambitious nephew of the Empress Dowager Wang, named Wang Mang, proclaimed
- himself emperor in A.D. 9. But Wang Mang's numerous and well-intended reforms
- rapidly alienated the very groups that had originally greeted his accession
- with great joy. Attempts to exert imperial control over land ownership angered
- the scholar-gentry. Government monopolies, which sent the price of food and
- other essentials soaring, led to widespread peasant unrest. In A.D. 23, the
- hapless Wang Mang was overthrown, and the Han dynasty was restored.
-
- The Later Han And Imperial Collapse
-
- The Later Han dynasty ruled a unified China for nearly 200 years. For a
- time the peace and prosperity of the Former Han era returned. Internal rebels
- were suppressed and the nomads were again beaten into submission. The last
- centuries of the dynasty witnessed little of the innovation and creativity of
- the early centuries of Han rule. Inventions were improved and scholars
- commented on the works of earlier thinkers; the population of the empire
- continued to grow; and trading networks expanded. But major breakthroughs in
- government, the arts, and invention would have to wait for centuries and the
- next great dynasty, the Tang.
-
- Politically, the Later Han was a period of steady decline. Han rulers
- were plagued by incessant struggles among factions at the court, which had
- been transferred from Xian eastward to the city of Loyang. Challenges from the
- families of the emperors' wives continued, but they were complicated by the
- growing power of the eunuchs - males who had been castrated in order to make
- them reliable guardians of the emperor's concubines. Some eunuchs were
- orphans, but many were sons of families who viewed their recruitment into the
- eunuch corps at the palace as a sure way to financial security and political
- advancement.
-
- Over the years, the number of eunuchs increased, and after the Han
- dynasty was restored they gained substantially in power as palace
- administrators and inner advisors of the later emperors. In the last decades
- of Han rule, these beleaguered msnarchs sought to use them to check the power
- of their wives' families. The three-way struggles that developed among the
- scholar-gentry, the families of the rulers' wives, and the eunuchs eventually
- ripped the court apart. Divisions at the center of the empire weakened the
- emperor's ability to check nomadic incursions and remedy the worsening
- conditions of the mass of the people. An enfeebled imperial administration
- me nt growing power for landlords and the increasing autonomy of regional
- officials. Local notables pressed the peasantry that worked their lands for
- more taxes and higher rents. Secret societies spread like wildfire and peasant
- risings broke out throughout the empire. Military commanders and regional
- lords seized power in their own right and fought against each other for the
- right to claim the Han throne.
-
- The dynasty was not officially overthrown until A.D. 220, but decades
- earlier its power had been usurped. The end of the Han meant the return of the
- warring states. It began nearly 400 years of division, strife, and turmoil
- that would end only with the rise of the Sui dynasty at the end of the 6th
- century A.D.
-
-